Yearly Archives: 2026

On 7 May 2025, 114 combat aircraft clashed in what has been described as one of the largest beyond visual range (BVR) air engagements since WWII During the 52-minute aerial battle triggered by India's Operation Sindoor, traditional visual confirmation of kills became difficult. Missile impacts occurred at unprecedented ranges from 160 km to 190 km, often beyond the horizon, while claims and counter-claims continued to spread rapidly across social media platforms, amplified by unverified facts and AI-produced imageries. Amid this torrent of conflicting claims, determining what actually happened was as disputed as the battle itself. Amidst this fog of confusion, Pakistan's clear and unambiguous claims backed by published evidence as well as openness to independent verification provided a welcome breath of clarity. As the prevalence of BVR battles increases and the spread of disinformation continues to outpace verified data in shaping both domestic opinion and international perceptions

Marka-e-Haq transformed the May 2025 battlefield into a testing ground, where integrated doctrine and advanced technology redefined the future of aerial warfare. The war provided a paradigmatic example, where a well-integrated air-defence architecture and offensive-defence strategy could successfully counter even the most advanced threats. The unified air-defence architecture of Pakistan transformed numerical disadvantage into strategic superiority, providing crucial lessons on the need to integrate systems and employ multi-domain synergy in the twenty-first century. The May war was more than a fight in the air; it demonstrated that comprehensive planning, innovative technology, and a multi-layered defence can turn the tide in modern war.

The May 2025 conflict between India and Pakistan fundamentally altered the course of modern aerial warfare. From the very onset of the conflict, the superiority of PAF over its adversary became abundantly clear as it in quick succession it shot down seven Indian aircraft without suffering even a single loss. PAF employed J-10Cs fighter aircraft, and the score of 7-Nil became even more striking since four of the downed Indian aircraft were Rafales. These were the same Rafale fighters that were being presented as a hallmark of armed forces modernisation by Indian politicians, military leaders, and analysts. However, the combat loss of Rafale jets to J-10Cs not only shattered the assumptions about technological superiority in the battlefield but also solidified the critical role played by the, strategy, tactics and training in air combat. Yet this cannot be viewed as an isolated incident as it was a direct outcome of the contrasting training, procurement strategy and platform integration by both sides

n the night of 6-7 May 2025, the Indian Air Force (IAF) faced an unprecedented setback. Pakistan Air Force (PAF)’s downing of seven Indian aircraft during a high-intensity aerial engagement that night, including four state-of-the-art Rafale fighters, regarded as the linchpin of India’s air power modernisation, was a game-changing event.The outcome represented the breakdown of an assumption that had shaped Indian strategic thought in the period following the 2019 India-Pakistan crisis, that is, the belief that advanced fighter aircraft platforms could decisively shape future battlefield outcomes in India’s favour.In 2019, PAF downed IAF’s Sukhoi-30MKI and a MiG-21 Bison in a retaliatory air operation following the Indian Balakot strike, with the MiG-21 crashing in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), resulting in the capture of its pilot, Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman. While Abhinandan was released 60 hours after his capture as a ‘peace gesture,’ the episode marked the first major shock for the IAF, which had been outmanoeuvred by a rival force despite possessing advantages in terms of fleet size, budgetary resources, and force depth.  The lesson was thus unmistakable: conventional military superiority alone cannot guarantee battlefield success.Rather than internalising this implication, the IAF, aligning with the government’s position, underplayed the losses while perpetuating the narrative that the acquisition of more advanced platforms can shape future battlefield outcomes in India’s favour. The then Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa,