How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Impact of Economic Warfare

The ongoing war between the United States, Israel, and Iran has brought several critical questions to the fore: What lies at the root of the grievances that triggered a protest movement in Iran earlier this year, exploited by the US and Israel? How widespread are the sentiments of resentment towards the regime among the Iranian population? How did Iranian society not collapse, and what prevented the sanctions from incapacitating the Iranian economy, thereby preserving Tehran’s ability to resist today? How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Impact of Economic Warfare effectively answers these questions from different angles. It is written

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Catalyst Conversation : The US–Israel–Iran War and the Role of Gulf and Arab States

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The ongoing war between the United States-Israel, and Iran has emerged as a defining crisis of the modern world, with significant implications for regional security, global energy markets, and the evolving geopolitical order. While the primary confrontation involves direct and indirect exchanges between these actors, Gulf and Arab states have become increasingly central to the conflict’s dynamics. Hosting U.S. military assets and located in close proximity to key theatres of escalation, these states face growing security risks, including spillover

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How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Impact of Economic Warfare

The ongoing war between the United States, Israel, and Iran has brought several critical questions to the fore: What lies at the root of the grievances that triggered a protest movement in Iran earlier this year, exploited by the US and Israel? How widespread are the sentiments of resentment towards the regime among the Iranian population? How did Iranian society not collapse, and what prevented the sanctions from incapacitating the Iranian economy, thereby preserving Tehran’s ability to resist today? How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Impact of Economic Warfare effectively answers these questions from different angles. It is written by Narges Bajoghli – an anthropologist with expertise in media, power, and military dynamics, Vali Nasr – a political scientist

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Four Dimensions of Space Power in the US–Israel War on Iran

At the beginning of Operation Epic Fury, US Space and Cyber Commands launched a coordinated campaign against Iranian satellite communication and navigation systems. Three days later, General Dan Caine, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, publicly admitted what analysts suspected; these commands had been the ‘first movers’. Although space has received less media coverage than the air campaign or the naval dimension, it has enabled multi-domain operations. Broadly, there are four major dimensions which have defined the role of space in this war. The first dimension is satellite intelligence, particularly the evolution of commercial Earth observation into what analysts call a "glass battlefield." Accessing satellite

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