In the modern digital age, cyberspace has become an integral part of daily life. However, as cyberspace transcends physical borders, it poses unique challenges to traditional legal frameworks. Understanding cyberspace as a
Cyberspace is commonly defined as ‘the online world of computer networks, particularly the Internet.’ Its utilisation spans both personal and professional domains, encompassing activities from entertainment and communication to business and the
Cyber has become a focal point in the conduct of both civil and military operations. Given its emerging destructive potential, it has now become an independent ‘domain’ like land, sea, air, or
The continuous evolution of cyber capabilities has proportionally raised the risk of cyber warfare, cybercrimes, cyber surveillance, etc. Advancement in cyber capabilities and their dual nature is perceived by many as a
Cyberwarfare in its present form may be a new phenomenon, but the concept is as old as warfare itself. In the olden days also, rivals made efforts to physically disrupt the communication
While the brighter side of the information revolution facilitated the human race in connecting more easily and conducting their businesses far more conveniently, the darker side of this revolution has yet to
Rapid digitalization and penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in all walks of life have exposed states to new and evolving cybersecurity threats. Protection of data and networks from these has
The authors highlight the vulnerabilities within Pakistan’s cyber-security system. There are cyber laws in place by the government, however, they do not adequately understand the growing sophistication of cyber-attacks. With the growth
The digital revolution is an intense transformation of the contemporary world. The most important outcome of this revolution is cyber technology, as every type of technology is somehow related to or dependent
Space-based technologies that have civil and military uses are drawing greater interest with more countries entering into this field. Development beyond peaceful uses i.e. weaponization of outer space is a growing concern
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