The global satellite industry has rapidly evolved into a powerful economic force, influencing a wide range of industries far beyond the aerospace sector. Within the space sector, the advancements in the satellite industry, from low-Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations to flexible launch systems, have catalysed the development of a larger, more dynamic, and cost-efficient sector, albeit with new competitive and sustainability challenges (unintended spillovers on targeted unit). Between sectors, the advancements act as catalysts for productivity and inclusion by connecting the unconnected and optimising industries, such as agriculture and transport (intended spillovers on non-targeted units). In the diagonal dimension, they have demonstrated that innovation can come with undesired externalities for other sectors (unintended spillovers on non-targeted units). The challenge lies in maximising the positive spillovers while mitigating the negatives with a forward-looking approach. This entails that while some measures, such as stringent policy actions for space debris mitigation and traffic management, may impose new costs on the space industry, particularly space operators, they will prevent larger economic fallout in the long run and protect the enormous downstream value the satellite sector provides to other industries. Moreover, satellite firms and secondary industries/sectors should actively collaborate to ensure smooth spillovers, avoid conflict, and capitalise on each other’s strengths.
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The US-Israel War on Iran: Objectives, Strategy, and Escalation Management
Zahra Niazi
‘States tend to overestimate themselves or the benefits and swiftness of war, and to underestimate their opponents’ capabilities, intentions, or the costs and duration of war.’ If anything, the 2026 war initiated by the United States and Israel against Iran shall be remembered in the annals of warfare among the most visible manifestations of this dynamic.
The war, immediately preceded by the January mass protests in Iran, did not represent a sudden rupture but rather the continuation of a 47-year-long confrontation and a more intense phase of the June 2025 war.
The US Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, defined the war’s objectives as being laser-focused: to destroy Iran’s missile capabilities and its security infrastructure, while ensuring that it could never develop nuclear weapons. Beyond these stated objectives, among the priorities on the continuum also lay the objective of regime change, with both President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu explicitly calling on the Iranian population to take over the government at the outset of the war.
Marka-e-Haq to the Peace Talks: Pakistan’s Middle Power Status
On 7th May 2025, Pakistan’s military forces took the international security community by surprise when it demonstrated operational superiority against its larger belligerent adversary India with its rapid and coordinated response. The Four-Day conflict proved to be a watershed moment for Pakistan, marking its rapid emergence as an important player in the region. In recent years, amidst the ongoing global competition between the United States and China, Islamabad has adopted a position of ’Strategic Balancing,’ where it maintains ties of cooperation with both Beijing and Washington. Deft diplomacy, emphasis on geo-economics, and credible conventional and strategic deterrence have remained the foundational pillars for Pakistan’s ambition as a rising middle power
Debunking the S-400 Shield: Lessons from the India-Pakistan Conflict
Air defense has always been a central aspect of warfare. In South Asia, the phenomenon carries immense significance due to compressed reaction times. In this context, one of the most-hyped systems is the Russian-made S-400, touted by New Delhi as a one-stop solution to counter aerial threats from both Pakistan and China.
The 2025 conflict between India and Pakistan marked an important chapter in testing the S-400 technology. The conflict began on May 7, when India attacked what it alleged were terrorist targets in both Pakistani-held Kashmir and Pakistan proper, using drone and missile strikes. The conflict lasted for four days, culminating in a U.S-facilitated ceasefire. However, the brief conflict debunked a lot of the myths regarding the S-400 technology.
First, India claimed that the mobile S-400 would be able to control Pakistan’s airspace. In contrast, Pakistani aircraft continued to operate freely, according to official briefings by the Pakistani military. Although the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) aircraft were in their own airspace, they were still within the air defense range.
