The research paper is an explorative study that aims to understand tech globalism and tech realism and how they relate to the modern technoscape. The study has two goals: firstly, it aims to understand the theoretical foundations of both these perspectives. Secondly, the research wants to investigate the nature of technoscape, whether it aligns more closely with tech realism or globalism. Through comparative analysis, the study found that while techno-globalism fostered cooperation through international institutions such as the ITU, TRIPS, and similar initiatives. Techno-realism, on the other hand, peddled competition as evident by practices such as tech denial, tech censorship, a separate internet connection, and exclusive access to international digital markets. Analysing the modern technoscape, the research found that while the volume of cross-data flow has increased manifold, states have also placed restrictions. This is to safeguard their national security against perceived threats and preserve digital sovereignty. Technological diffusion across borders is subject to sensitivity to state interests and security. Low-tech products usually don’t face restrictions like hightech products, which are subjected to export controls, supply chain constraints, and trade barriers. The restrictions on tech-related trade have started polarisation, where new tech ecosystems are developing. There is a great disparity in internet connectivity between the developing and developed countries, limiting equal growth opportunities. Analysing these results, the research concludes that the technoscape is oscillating between managed interdependence and tech blocs. The final result is subject to international law and cooperation
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The West: The History of an Idea
The world is witnessing the collapse of the Western order, if not the emergence of an alternative one. The idea of ‘West’ as against the rest is still at the root of contemporary understanding of world politics. Georgios Varouxakis, a remarkable voice on Modernity and Nationalism, has provided the historical origins and modern connotations attached with the idea of ‘West’. In his book ‘The West: The History of an Idea’, Varouxakis has argued that the West is not an eternal entity, rather it is a modern socio-political construct that emerged in the political philosophy of the early 19th century and evolved with the passage of time. The book provides an in-depth historical analysis of the idea to determine the roots of its modern interpretation.
Space-Enabled Warfare in the 21st Century: Pathways for Developing States
Space has emerged as a distinct domain of warfare alongside land, sea, air, and cyber. Developed countries like the United States, Russia, and China possess offensive and support capabilities in space. In the shadowed expanse of Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where satellites operate like silent custodians, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine transformed the nature of modern conflict. As Russian troops marched forward, the commercial satellites like Maxar and Planet, which are operated by Western firms, captured high-resolution imagery of Russian troops, providing real-time intelligence to Ukrainian commanders, unlike ever before.
The US-Israel War on Iran: Objectives, Strategy, and Escalation Management
Zahra Niazi
‘States tend to overestimate themselves or the benefits and swiftness of war, and to underestimate their opponents’ capabilities, intentions, or the costs and duration of war.’ If anything, the 2026 war initiated by the United States and Israel against Iran shall be remembered in the annals of warfare among the most visible manifestations of this dynamic.
The war, immediately preceded by the January mass protests in Iran, did not represent a sudden rupture but rather the continuation of a 47-year-long confrontation and a more intense phase of the June 2025 war.
The US Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, defined the war’s objectives as being laser-focused: to destroy Iran’s missile capabilities and its security infrastructure, while ensuring that it could never develop nuclear weapons. Beyond these stated objectives, among the priorities on the continuum also lay the objective of regime change, with both President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu explicitly calling on the Iranian population to take over the government at the outset of the war.
