This report forecasts key economic variables for Pakistan in 2025. It evaluates GDP Growth, Inflation, Demographics, Investment, and Debt levels, among other factors, thereby offering insights into the nation’s short- and long-term economic trajectory amidst global turbulence. The report proceeds while keeping Pakistan’s economic performance over the past decade in mind, noting that the twin disruptions of Covid-19 (2020-21) and Global Inflation (2022-24), have heightened economic volatility. Additionally, the austerity measures tied to Pakistan’s 2024 International Monetary Fund Agreement are examined critically. As such, the report provides a nuanced perspective on navigating economic recovery and resilience in an increasingly unpredictable global landscape.
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Emerging Geopolitical Alliances and Implications for Pakistan
The year 2025 has dramatically reshaped global and regional geopolitics through a series of crises: the India–Pakistan war, the Israel–Iran confrontation, and renewed instability on the Pakistan–Afghanistan border.
Pakistan in 2025
As 2025 draws to a close in few days, it is time to reflect back on the chain of events that have shaped the year. Apart from the typical highs and lows – the year saw some unprecedented events that will have a lasting imprint.
Cognitive Dominance in Air Power Employment: From Machines to Minds
In contemporary air warfare, there is a silent battle that begins long before the first missile is fired: the battle of the mind. The Indo-Pakistan conflict of 2025 reaffirmed this truth. In that short but decisive engagement, Pakistan Air Force (PAF) demonstrated that in modern warfare, victory is no longer about airframes destroyed but in the mastery of cognition, which is the ability to think faster, act smarter and control perception under stress. To make victory second nature, institutionalisation of cognitive gains through AI, cross-domain integration and leadership development is paramount for modern air forces.
