Predicting Pakistan’s future is a daunting task considering its external and internal challenges such as a precarious socio-political landscape, economic woes, law and order shortcomings, and dynamic regional and global geopolitics. The resulting uncertainties complicate attempts towards projecting the future trajectory of the country. However, by analysing current trends and identifying necessary reforms, we can develop a strategic vision for the nation’s progress and prosperity as Pakistan approaches its centennial year of independence. To examine these challenges and opportunities, CASS organised a special lecture as part of its Catalyst Conversation Series on 16 August 2024 titled ‘Pakistan of 2047’. The distinguished subject matter expert who spoke at the special lecture was Ambassador Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry (Retd), former Foreign Secretary, Government of Pakistan and Chairman Sanober Institute. The lecture aimed to highlight reforms and initiatives that Pakistan should earnestly implement to reconstruct and enhance the socio-political trajectory it embarked upon at the time of its independence. The conversation centred on several key themes, including fostering political stability, promoting economic revival, upholding law and order, navigating global and regional geopolitics to enhance Pakistan’s strategic positioning and building a resilient foreign policy. It also touched upon the importance of implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. The lecture was moderated by Air Zahid Mehmood (Retd), Director at CASS, Islamabad, with Concluding Remarks by President CASS Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed (Retd).

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The West: The History of an Idea
The world is witnessing the collapse of the Western order, if not the emergence of an alternative one. The idea of ‘West’ as against the rest is still at the root of contemporary understanding of world politics. Georgios Varouxakis, a remarkable voice on Modernity and Nationalism, has provided the historical origins and modern connotations attached with the idea of ‘West’. In his book ‘The West: The History of an Idea’, Varouxakis has argued that the West is not an eternal entity, rather it is a modern socio-political construct that emerged in the political philosophy of the early 19th century and evolved with the passage of time. The book provides an in-depth historical analysis of the idea to determine the roots of its modern interpretation.

Space-Enabled Warfare in the 21st Century: Pathways for Developing States
Space has emerged as a distinct domain of warfare alongside land, sea, air, and cyber. Developed countries like the United States, Russia, and China possess offensive and support capabilities in space. In the shadowed expanse of Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where satellites operate like silent custodians, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine transformed the nature of modern conflict. As Russian troops marched forward, the commercial satellites like Maxar and Planet, which are operated by Western firms, captured high-resolution imagery of Russian troops, providing real-time intelligence to Ukrainian commanders, unlike ever before.
The US-Israel War on Iran: Objectives, Strategy, and Escalation Management
Zahra Niazi
‘States tend to overestimate themselves or the benefits and swiftness of war, and to underestimate their opponents’ capabilities, intentions, or the costs and duration of war.’ If anything, the 2026 war initiated by the United States and Israel against Iran shall be remembered in the annals of warfare among the most visible manifestations of this dynamic.
The war, immediately preceded by the January mass protests in Iran, did not represent a sudden rupture but rather the continuation of a 47-year-long confrontation and a more intense phase of the June 2025 war.
The US Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, defined the war’s objectives as being laser-focused: to destroy Iran’s missile capabilities and its security infrastructure, while ensuring that it could never develop nuclear weapons. Beyond these stated objectives, among the priorities on the continuum also lay the objective of regime change, with both President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu explicitly calling on the Iranian population to take over the government at the outset of the war.

