While legacy systems remain central to military planning, data has increasingly become the critical determinant in contemporary combat operations. The Internet of Battle Things (IoBT) reflects a military ecosystem that comprises interconnected sensors, devices, and weapon systems along with manned and unmanned systems. This networked system collects data through sensors, transmits it across networks and eventually turns it into strategic value on the battlefield. By linking IoBT to Clausewitz’s concept of the ‘fog of war,’ this paper explores the evolution and technical underpinnings of this evolving ecosystem. It examines its integration into contemporary military and emerging operational concepts of countries like the United States, China and Pakistan. The analysis identifies core challenges confronting IoBT networks like cyberattacks, interoperability issues, environmental stressors, energy limitations, and data management constraints. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations aimed at enhancing the strategic value and operational effectiveness of IoBT-enabled systems.
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