Following the landslide victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 2019 Indian General Elections, the government led by Narendra Modi swiftly announced revocation of the special status of Jammu & Kashmir by repealing Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution on 5 August 2019. More than five years on, the Muslim majority of Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK) continues to be marginalised in every domain of their lives. They remain subjected to the worst kind of exploitation and repression, while being disenfranchised in the land of their ancestors. Regrettably, the world, at large, remains a spectator of this tragedy. To take stock of the current situation in IIOJK, and deliberate possible remedial measures, CASS organised a special lecture as part of its Catalyst Conversations Series on 7 August 2024 titled ‘Chinars in Chains: India’s Siege of Jammu and Kashmir’. The lecture aimed to explore the socio-political impacts of abrogating Articles 370 and 35A in IIOJK, assess India’s strategic objectives and Kashmiri responses, and deliberate on internationalising the Jammu & Kashmir dispute. It also sought to analyse Pakistan’s options, role of digital narratives in shaping international perceptions, and influence of non-traditional diplomatic channels on the Jammu and Kashmir conflict. The distinguished subject matter expert was Mr Altaf Hussain Wani, Chairman, Kashmir Institute of International Relations (KIIR). The ‘Catalyst Conversation’ was moderated by Air Marshal Farooq Habib (Retd), Senior Director at CASS with concluding remarks by President of CASS, Islamabad Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed (Retd).

Share this article

The West: The History of an Idea
The world is witnessing the collapse of the Western order, if not the emergence of an alternative one. The idea of ‘West’ as against the rest is still at the root of contemporary understanding of world politics. Georgios Varouxakis, a remarkable voice on Modernity and Nationalism, has provided the historical origins and modern connotations attached with the idea of ‘West’. In his book ‘The West: The History of an Idea’, Varouxakis has argued that the West is not an eternal entity, rather it is a modern socio-political construct that emerged in the political philosophy of the early 19th century and evolved with the passage of time. The book provides an in-depth historical analysis of the idea to determine the roots of its modern interpretation.

Space-Enabled Warfare in the 21st Century: Pathways for Developing States
Space has emerged as a distinct domain of warfare alongside land, sea, air, and cyber. Developed countries like the United States, Russia, and China possess offensive and support capabilities in space. In the shadowed expanse of Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where satellites operate like silent custodians, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine transformed the nature of modern conflict. As Russian troops marched forward, the commercial satellites like Maxar and Planet, which are operated by Western firms, captured high-resolution imagery of Russian troops, providing real-time intelligence to Ukrainian commanders, unlike ever before.
The US-Israel War on Iran: Objectives, Strategy, and Escalation Management
Zahra Niazi
‘States tend to overestimate themselves or the benefits and swiftness of war, and to underestimate their opponents’ capabilities, intentions, or the costs and duration of war.’ If anything, the 2026 war initiated by the United States and Israel against Iran shall be remembered in the annals of warfare among the most visible manifestations of this dynamic.
The war, immediately preceded by the January mass protests in Iran, did not represent a sudden rupture but rather the continuation of a 47-year-long confrontation and a more intense phase of the June 2025 war.
The US Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, defined the war’s objectives as being laser-focused: to destroy Iran’s missile capabilities and its security infrastructure, while ensuring that it could never develop nuclear weapons. Beyond these stated objectives, among the priorities on the continuum also lay the objective of regime change, with both President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu explicitly calling on the Iranian population to take over the government at the outset of the war.

