Psychological warfare (PSYWAR) has always been an integral part of armed conflicts. However, with advancements in the emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), the scale, scope and precision of PSYWAR have significantly grown. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are one of the key domains where the integration of AI has heralded noticeable shifts. This research paper analyses multiple dimensions of AI-enabled PSYWAR against Pakistan. To present contemporary and latest debates on the subject, this study does not examine the history of PSYWAR but rather discusses the AI-driven propaganda that Pakistan has been facing in recent times. Furthermore, the paper also discusses the response matrix of the Pakistani government to address this challenge. In addition, the study evaluates the adequacy of the responses, identifies related concerns, and examines the potential areas for improvement in the response mechanisms. Lastly, the paper concludes by offering recommendations for dealing with AI-enabled PSYWAR.
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CASS Opinion Roundup – May 2026, Vol. No. 0001
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The West: The History of an Idea
The world is witnessing the collapse of the Western order, if not the emergence of an alternative one. The idea of ‘West’ as against the rest is still at the root of contemporary understanding of world politics. Georgios Varouxakis, a remarkable voice on Modernity and Nationalism, has provided the historical origins and modern connotations attached with the idea of ‘West’. In his book ‘The West: The History of an Idea’, Varouxakis has argued that the West is not an eternal entity, rather it is a modern socio-political construct that emerged in the political philosophy of the early 19th century and evolved with the passage of time. The book provides an in-depth historical analysis of the idea to determine the roots of its modern interpretation.
Space-Enabled Warfare in the 21st Century: Pathways for Developing States
Space has emerged as a distinct domain of warfare alongside land, sea, air, and cyber. Developed countries like the United States, Russia, and China possess offensive and support capabilities in space. In the shadowed expanse of Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where satellites operate like silent custodians, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine transformed the nature of modern conflict. As Russian troops marched forward, the commercial satellites like Maxar and Planet, which are operated by Western firms, captured high-resolution imagery of Russian troops, providing real-time intelligence to Ukrainian commanders, unlike ever before.
