The question of fiscal sustainability has long haunted the Federal Budget of Pakistan. As deficits have widened over consecutive years, reform efforts have been piecemeal and trivial at best, and counterproductive at worst. What Pakistan’s budgetary architecture requires, however, is a systematic overhaul. By contrast, the public debate on budgets in Pakistan often hinges on narrow line items and specifically politicised issues, leaving the larger problems untouched. To centre the analysis of Pakistan’s budget around larger structural areas of reform, the aim of this Working Paper is to disaggregate Pakistan’s Federal Budget (2024-25) and provide concrete recommendations across key areas of concern: federal-provincial fiscal federalism, domestic bank borrowing tendencies, public sector spending (Public Sector Development Programme), grants & subsidies, and transfers. The findings of the paper are that deep reforms are required, in the proper context, and that public discourse must recentre around those major areas of budget reform.
Safety First: Need for Transparency and Accountability in the Aerospace Industry
Over the years, the aviation industry has witnessed a remarkable expansion in its operations and scope of activities. Advancement is marked with increasing innovation, technological breakthroughs and incorporation of state-of-the-art technologies.
Half a Decade of Amplified Suppression in Indian Occupied Jammu & Kashmir
Fifth August 2024 marks half a decade since India annexed the Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK) and denied the disputed territory’s right to statehood through a rushed presidential decree. Months after winning the second term in the Lok Sabha polls 2019, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government revoked
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Democracy in the 21st Century:Exploring Contemporary Trends
In the aftermath of the Cold War, a wave of democratisation, coined by American political scientist Samuel Huntington as the ‘Third Wave’ swept across the world. The wave refers to the transition of several non-democratic setups to democratic ones, promising a future where democratic ideals would grow.
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