Research Assistant
Mustafa Bilal is a Research Assistant at the Centre for Aerospace & Security Studies (CASS), Islamabad. He has done his BS in International Relations from the National Defence University (NDU), Islamabad. His research interests include technopolitics, astropolitics, military aviation and warfare.
The aviation industry has embraced widespread digitalisation over the past decade to improve passenger experience and operational efficiency. However, according to the UN’s International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), this advancement has exposed the industry to increasing cyber-attacks. Notably, a major cyber-attack against a global IT supplier in February 2021 underscored
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Over the past four decades, innovations in wireless telecommunication technologies have driven progress globally with 5G being their latest iteration. South Korea spearheaded the deployment of 5G in 2019, recognising its transformative
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